[Rhodes22-list] Bullshit and the Art of Crap-Detection - Political

[Tootle]

Someone called a politician a 'freaking genius'.  Some people can not
distinguish between ability and a slick double talking con man.  The sayer
of the term needs to listen to one of these tent filling evangelist one of
these days.  Just to compare what is said how it is said and the audience
response.  

Verbal eloquence is neither a guarantee of intellect nor understanding of
complex situations.  It indicates the ability to stand before a crowd and
talk glibly.  A subsequent analysis of the spoken words and the words
meaning in current language understood by ‘all’ would be the appropriate
test.  

Ed K
Addendum:
“Bullshit and the Art of Crap-Detection”

by Neil Postman

(Delivered at the National Convention for the Teachers of English [NCTE],
November 28, 1969, Washington, D.C.)

With a title like this, I think I ought to dispense with the rhetorical
amenities and come straight to the point. For those of you who do not know,
it may be worth saying that the phrase, “crap-detecting,” originated with
Ernest Hemingway who when asked if there were one quality needed, above all
others, to be a good writer, replied, “Yes, a built-in, shock-proof, crap
detector.”

As I see it, the best things schools can do for kids is to help them learn
how to distinguish useful talk from bullshit. I will ask only that you agree
that every day in almost every way people are exposed to more bullshit than
it is healthy for them to endure, and that if we can help them to recognize
this fact, they might turn away from it and toward language that might do
them some earthly good.

There are so many varieties of bullshit I couldn’t hope to mention but a
few, and elaborate on even fewer. I will, therefore, select those varieties
that have some transcendent significance.

Now, that last sentence is a perfectly good example of bullshit, since I
have no idea what the words “transcendent significance” might mean and
neither do you. I needed something to end that sentence with and since I did
not have any clear criteria by which to select my examples, I figured this
was the place for some big-time words.

Pomposity:
Pomposity is not an especially venal form of bullshit, although it is by no
means harmless. There are plenty of people who are daily victimized by
pomposity in that they are made to feel less worthy than they have a right
to feel by people who use fancy titles, words, phrases, and sentences to
obscure their own insufficiencies.

Fanaticism:
A much more malignant form of bullshit than pomposity is what some people
call fanaticism. Now, there is one type of fanaticism of which I will say
very little, because it is so vulgar and obvious — bigotry. But there are
other forms of fanaticism that are not so obvious, and therefore perhaps
more dangerous than bigotry

Eichmannism is a relatively new form of fanaticism, and perhaps it should be
given its own special place among the great and near-great varieties of
bullshit. The essence of fanaticism is that it has almost no tolerance for
any data that do not confirm its own point of view.

Eichmannism is especially dangerous because it is so utterly banal. Some of
the nicest people turn out to be mini-Eichmanns. When Eichmann was in the
dock in Jerusalem, he actually said that some of his best friends were Jews.
And the horror of it is that he was probably telling the truth, for there is
nothing personal about Eichmannism. It is the language of regulations, and
includes such logical sentences as, “If we do it for one, we have to do it
for all.” Can you imagine some wretched Jew pleading to have his children
spared from the gas chamber? What could be more fair, more neutral, than for
some administrator to reply, “If we do it for one, we have to do it for
all.”

Inanity:
This is a form of talk which pays a large but, I would think, relatively
harmless role in our personal lives. But with the development of the mass
media, inanity has suddenly emerged as a major form of language in public
matters. The invention of new and various kinds of communication has given a
voice and an audience to many people whose opinions would otherwise not be
solicited, and who, in fact, have little else but verbal excrement to
contribute to public issues. Many of these people are entertainers. The
press and air waves are filled with the featured and prime-time statements
from people who are in no position to render informed judgments on what they
are talking about and yet render them with elan and, above all, sincerity.
Inanity, then, is ignorance presented in the cloak of sincerity.

Superstition:
Superstition is ignorance presented in the cloak of authority. A
superstition is a belief, usually expressed in authoritative terms for which
there is no factual or scientific basis. Like, for instance, that the
country in which you live is a finer place, all things considered, than
other countries. Or that the religion into which you were born confers upon
you some special standing with the cosmos that is denied other people. I
will refrain from commenting further on that, except to say that when I hear
such talk by own crap-detector achieves unparalleled spasms of activity.

If teachers were to take an enthusiastic interest in what language is about,
each teacher would have fairly serious problems to resolve. For instance,
you can’t identify bullshit the way you identify phonemes. That is why I
have called crap-detecting an art. Although subjects like semantics,
rhetoric, or logic seem to provide techniques for crap-detecting, we are not
dealing here, for the most part, with a technical problem.

Each person’s crap-detector is embedded in their value system; if you want
to teach the art of crap-detecting, you must help students become aware of
their values. After all, Vice President, Spiro Agnew, or his writers, know
as much about semantics as anyone in this room. What he is lacking has very
little to do with technique, and almost everything to do with values.

Now, I realize that what I just said sounds fairly pompous in itself, if not
arrogant, but there is no escaping from saying what attitudes you value if
you want to talk about crap-detecting.

In other words, bullshit is what you call language that treats people in
ways you do not approve of.

So any teacher who is interested in crap-detecting must acknowledge that one
man’s bullshit is another man’s catechism. Students should be taught to
learn how to recognize bullshit, including their own.

It seems to me one needs, first and foremost, to have a keen sense of the
ridiculous. Maybe I mean to say, a sense of our impending death. About the
only advantage that comes from our knowledge of the inevitability of death
is that we know that whatever is happening is going to go away. Most of us
try to put this thought out of our minds, but I am saying that it ought to
be kept firmly there, so that we can fully appreciate how ridiculous most of
our enthusiasms and even depressions are.

Reflections on one’s mortality curiously makes one come alive to the
incredible amounts of inanity and fanaticism that surround us, much of which
is inflicted on us by ourselves. Which brings me to the next point, best
stated as Postman’s Third Law:

“At any given time, the chief source of bullshit with which you have to
contend is yourself.”

The reason for this is explained in Postman’s Fourth Law, which is;

“Almost nothing is about what you think it is about–including you.”

With the possible exception of those human encounters that Fritz Peris calls
“intimacy,” all human communications have deeply embedded and profound
hidden agendas. Most of the conversation at the top can be assumed to be
bullshit of one variety or another.

An idealist usually cannot acknowledge his own bullshit, because it is in
the nature of his “ism” that he must pretend it does not exist. In fact, I
should say that anyone who is devoted to an “ism”–Fascism, Communism,
Capital-ism–probably has a seriously defective crap-detector. This is
especially true of those devoted to “patriotism.” Santha Rama Rau has called
patriotism a squalid emotion. I agree. Mainly because I find it hard to
escape the conclusion that those most enmeshed in it hear no bullshit
whatever in its rhetoric, and as a consequence are extremely dangerous to
other people. If you doubt this, I want to remind you that murder for
murder, General Westmoreland makes Vito Genovese look like a Flower Child.

Another way of saying this is that all ideologies are saturated with
bullshit, and a wise man will observe Herbert Read’s advice: “Never trust
any group larger than a squad.”

So you see, when it comes right down to it, crap-detection is something one
does when he starts to become a certain type of person. Sensitivity to the
phony uses of language requires, to some extent, knowledge of how to ask
questions, how to validate answers, and certainly, how to assess meanings.

I said at the beginning that I thought there is nothing more important than
for kids to learn how to identify fake communication. You, therefore,
probably assume that I know something about now to achieve this. Well, I
don’t. At least not very much. I know that our present curricula do not even
touch on the matter. Neither do our present methods of training teachers. I
am not even sure that classrooms and schools can be reformed enough so that
critical and lively people can be nurtured there.

Nonetheless, I persist in believing that it is not beyond your profession to
invent ways to educate youth along these lines. (Because) there is no more
precious environment than our language environment. And even if you know you
will be dead soon, that’s worth protecting.


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